2024年10月8日 星期二

不同程度的快樂與悲傷--英文形容詞



李叔同,即弘一大師,臨終前幾天寫下「悲欣交集見觀經」,及贈友人詩:

「君子之交,其淡如水。執象而求,咫尺千里。問余何適,廓爾忘言。華枝春滿,天心月圓。」

荼毘時放異彩,得舍利子。

(補充: 

Li Shutong, also known as Master Hong Yi, wrote "Sorrow and Joy Intertwined – Reading the  Buddha Speaks of Amitāyus Meditation Sutra" a few days before his death.  He also gave a poem to a friend: "A gentleman's friendship is serene like water. Seeking truth through appearances, a great distance feels so close. You ask me where I am headed, I smile and say nothing. The branches are full of spring, and the heart of heaven is like the moon, perfectly round."

During his cremation, radiant lights appeared, and relics were found.)

以「悲傷」或不開心這種情緒為例,從輕微的、到極度的哀傷,有哪些形容詞可以描述當下的心情呢?與其相對的反義字快樂,也有哪些字可以用來傳達呢? 讓我們一起來學習吧!

1. unhappy [ʌnˈhæpi](不快樂的)

She felt unhappy after her team lost the match.(她的隊伍輸了比賽後她感到不快樂。)

unhappy 是一個很常見的詞,用來描述一般的失落或不快樂。

反義字: happy [ˈhæpi](快樂的)

She was happy to see her friends after a long time.

(她很開心能夠在好久不見後見到朋友。)

2. sad [sæd] (悲傷的)

He was sad when he had to say goodbye to his friends.(當他不得不與朋友道別時感到悲傷。)

sad 是最常用來描述悲傷的詞,適用於一般的哀傷情況。

反義字: joyful [ˈdʒɔɪfəl](充滿喜悅的)

The children were joyful when they opened their birthday presents.

(孩子們打開生日禮物時充滿了喜悅。)

3. disappointed [ˌdɪsəˈpɔɪntɪd](失望的)

She was disappointed when she didn't get the promotion she was hoping for.(她沒得到期盼的升遷時感到失望。)

disappointed 表示期望未達而引起的失望情緒,通常與失去某種機會或希望有關。

反義字: satisfied [ˈsætɪsˌfaɪd](滿意的)

He felt satisfied after finishing a difficult project successfully.

(順利完成困難的項目後,他感到很滿意。)

4. down [daʊn](情緒低落的)

He felt a bit down after hearing the bad news from work.(聽到工作上的壞消息後,他感到有些情緒低落。)

down 通常指較短暫的情緒低落,比較輕微的悲傷。

反義字: upbeat [ˈʌpˌbit](樂觀的)

Despite the challenges, she remained upbeat about her chances of success.

(儘管面臨挑戰,她依然對成功保持樂觀。)

5. melancholy [ˈmɛlənˌkɑli](憂鬱的)

反義字: There was a melancholy atmosphere in the house after the funeral.(葬禮結束後,房子裡充滿了憂鬱的氣氛。)

melancholy 表示一種深沉、持久的憂傷,帶有些許沉思的感覺。

反義字: cheerful [ˈtʃɪrfəl](開朗的)

His cheerful attitude brightened up everyone's mood at the party.

(他的開朗態度讓派對上的每個人心情愉快。)

6. heartbroken [ˈhɑrtˌbrokən](心碎的)

She was heartbroken when her long-term relationship ended.(在她的長期戀情結束時,她心碎了。)

heartbroken 是一種非常強烈的悲傷,通常與失戀或喪失有關。

反義字: elated [ɪˈletɪd] (興高采烈的)

She was elated when she received the scholarship for her studies.

(她獲得獎學金時感到興高采烈。)

7. depressed [dɪˈprɛst] (沮喪的,抑鬱的)

After months of job searching with no results, he began to feel depressed.

(求職數月未果後,他開始沮喪了。)

depressed 是較為嚴重的情緒低落,往往是長期的,可能需要專業協助。

反義詞: exhilarated [ɪɡˈzɪləˌretɪd] (興奮的)

He felt exhilarated after completing his first marathon.

(完成首個馬拉松後,他感到非常興奮。)

8. miserable [ˈmɪzərəbəl] (痛苦的,悲慘的)

He felt miserable after losing his job and going through a breakup at the same time.(在失去工作又經歷分手的同時,他感到非常痛苦。)

miserable 表示非常強烈且持久的痛苦,通常伴隨困難或不幸的情況。

反義字: content [kənˈtɛnt] (滿足的)

She was content with her quiet and peaceful life in the countryside.

(她對於鄉村中安靜和平的生活感到滿足。)

9. devastated [ˈdɛvəˌstetɪd](極度悲傷的,崩潰的)

English: He was devastated when he found out his best friend had passed away.(當他得知最好的朋友去世時,他感到徹底崩潰。)

devastated 是極端的悲痛,通常用於描述無法承受的悲劇或喪失。

反義字: overjoyed [ˌoʊvərˈdʒɔɪd] (欣喜若狂的)

He was overjoyed when his team won the championship.

(他的隊伍贏得冠軍時,他欣喜若狂。)

10. grief-stricken [ˈɡrifˌstrɪkən] (悲痛欲絕的)

She was grief-stricken after losing her parents in a car accident.(在一場車禍中失去雙親後,她悲痛欲絕。)

grief-stricken 表示極度的悲痛,通常與失去至親或至愛有關。

反義字: ecstatic [ɪkˈstætɪk] (狂喜的)

She was ecstatic to learn that she was going to become a mother.

(得知自己即將成為母親時,她感到狂喜。)

以上的說明與例句,希望對你理解這些英文的形容詞有幫助。下次想要用形容詞表達自己的心情時,就可以挑一個接近的字來用了!

讓我們回來想想弘一大師所寫的那幾個字。就表相上來看,當內心波動小,心已淡,情緒不再衝突糾結,或許心淡到只剩佛陀、口中心中只有阿彌陀佛時,即便是<<觀經>>中提到阿闍世王想讓他自己的父親(頻婆娑羅王)死去,去給老公送吃的韋提希夫人因阿闍世王的不肖行徑而生起的強烈悲痛情緒,那時的她怎麼知道最終她的這些負面情緒,都有辦法淡去、消融?

所以她才會一看到世尊,忍不住聲淚俱下,希望慈悲的世尊教她應該怎麼想怎麼做、讓她可以解脫、不再痛苦!應此因緣,世尊介紹她:去極樂世界吧!只要稱念阿彌陀佛佛名十念,就可以滅除80億劫的生死重罪!當然或許我們會把韋提希夫人的故事真的當成了故事來看,看看就過去了。不過悉達多太子是真實存在在歷史上的,他成道之後的體悟與教導被記錄在浩瀚的大藏經中、是古聖先賢大德們想要理解追隨、複製貼上、然後產出的!只是眼前我們沒有心力再去讀那些密密麻麻的經文、何況又是文言文? 所以在2024年,有誰是我們可以請教的呢?

弘一法師的墨寶「悲欣交集見觀經」中,是否有這樣的O.S.(off-screen):

「啊!我忝為修行人、說要改過、至今都還如此罪業深重!今天自己正如同頻婆娑羅王,不久就要死去,竟然死前有幸聽到世尊開示有一個阿彌陀佛的極樂世界。這樣美好的地方,只要十聲稱念佛名,即便今生罪障尚未消除,自己卻依然可以往生佛國!感恩佛陀的不棄捨! 我竟然也去得了! 佛陀多麼慈悲啊!」

從大師的墨寶中,體會到這幾個字,其實是訴說著對佛陀無盡的感恩啊!當然大師真正的心情我們不清楚,但自己換位思考,或許那時也如同韋提希夫人一般聲淚俱下吧,只是最終這淚水轉化成感動與欣喜~剛好跟韋提希夫人一開始的悲痛情緒作對照!感恩韋提希夫人代替我們發問! 因為一般想要出離、走修行之路,最初的願望,不就是想要超越世間的喜怒哀樂愛惡欲、這種種枷鎖對自身的束縛嗎? 當她說出請世尊教我思惟  教我正受」時,這條路就已經開始了。直至成佛,才說得上完全豁免這些磨難啊!

在那之前,如果下次覺得悶悶的、心情低落時,可以回來看看這篇,或許會生起想了解弘一大師的一生、或許想想韋提希夫人、想想佛陀,想想這些走過來的人,你的心就會被療癒了。看到心靈自由的典範在眼前,自己一時的情緒有什麼好過不去的呢?

願有緣看到此文者,悉發菩提心,盡此一報身,同生極樂國。

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